What Is Pinealon?
Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) bioregulator developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson specifically targeting brain tissue. Despite its name suggesting pineal-specificity, Pinealon's primary research applications are in broader neuroprotection, cognitive preservation, and brain tissue restoration. It is one of the most studied neuroprotective peptides in the Khavinson bioregulator system. It was developed by Prof. Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology.
Mechanism of Action
Pinealon is theorized to act as an epigenetic regulator in neurons — penetrating cells, interacting with chromatin, and restoring the expression of genes governing neuronal energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, synaptic protein synthesis, and neuroprotective factors. Research has shown it increases the expression of PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) in neurons, suggesting enhancement of cellular maintenance and DNA repair mechanisms.
Research Applications
Pinealon has been extensively studied in models of acute neurological injury — cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and excitotoxic damage. Animal studies consistently demonstrate reduced neurological deficit, smaller infarct volumes, improved post-injury behavioral recovery, and better preservation of hippocampal architecture. Long-term administration to aged animals produces improvements in cognitive test performance and reduced brain tissue oxidative stress markers.
Quick Reference
Member reference tables summarize the compound's research parameters.
Research Indications
Research Protocols
As reported in cited literature and research-community logs (see Research Citations below), not a personal dosing recommendation.
This member section describes parameters reported in the research literature.
Peptide Interactions
This member section summarizes reported compound interactions and evidence limitations.
Reported Research Time Points
This member section summarizes reported research time points.
Safety Notes
Included for harm-reduction awareness only, in the event this compound is encountered outside its labeled research use. Inclusion here does not imply RUO Codes endorses, recommends, or instructs human use.
This member section discusses research safety considerations and uncertainties.
Quality Indicators
Research Citations
- Peptides and aging: Bioregulation of genome activity
Khavinson, V.K., Tarnovskaya, S.I., Linkova, N.S., 2021, Molecules - Dose-dependent effects of peptide bioregulators on spatial learning in diabetic rats
Karantysh, G.V., Evstigneeva, R.P., Petukhov, A.E., 2020, Neurochemical Journal - Peptides EDR and KED prevent dendritic spine elimination in 5xFAD mice
Linkova, N.S., Drobintseva, A.O., Orlova, O.A., Khavinson, V.K., 2021, Pharmaceuticals - Molecular mechanisms of peptide bioregulation in aging
Khavinson, V.K., Linkova, N.S., Tarnovskaya, S.I., 2022, Russian Journal of Bioregulation and Gerontology - Peptide bioregulators and aging: Results of clinical studies
Anisimov, V.N., Khavinson, V.K., Morozov, V.G., 2015, Clinical Gerontology - Neuroprotective effects of synthetic peptides in cellular models of neurodegeneration
Tarnovskaya, S.I., Linkova, N.S., Khavinson, V.K., 2019, Neuropeptides - Circadian rhythm regulation by peptide bioregulators in sleep disorders
Kuznik, B.I., Davydov, S.O., Erokhina, I.L., 2018, Sleep Medicine Reviews - Multi-peptide geroprotective protocols: Long-term clinical outcomes
Popovich, I.G., Voitenkov, B.O., Anisimov, V.N., 2022, Aging and Disease - Khavinson development attribution. Existing stored entry reference; Existing stored entry reference
Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) bioregulator developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson specifically targeting brain tissue. Despite its name suggesting pineal-specificity, Pinealon's primary research applications are in broader neuroprotection, cognitive preservation, and brain tissue restoration. It is one of the most studied neuroprotective peptides in the Khavinson bioregulator system.