Bioregulators directory: Peptide bioregulators, including those developed by Prof. Vladimir Khavinson, with links to glossary definitions.
154 research compounds with in-depth overviews covering mechanisms of action, research protocols, half-lives, dosing guidance, peptide interactions, safety notes, and verified vendor availability.
5-Amino-1MQ is a small-molecule NNMT inhibitor studied in preclinical research on fat metabolism, insulin sensitivity and cellular energy. NNMT is an enzyme involved in cellular metabolism, and the co
9-ME-BC is a methylated derivative of beta-carboline alkaloids, a family found in plants and biological tissues. Research discussed here examines dopamine-producing neurons, memory and brain plasticit
Adalank is a synthetic peptide related to Selank, from the tuftsin-derived family, studied mainly in Russian research on anxiety, stress and cognition.
Adamax is a synthetic nootropic peptide related to Semax, sharing its Pro-Gly-Pro core, studied in animal research on memory, neuroprotection and stress resilience.
Adrafinil is a synthetic wakefulness-promoting compound that is converted in the liver into modafinil. Developed in France and formerly marketed as Olmifon, it has been investigated for reduced alertn
Agmatine sulfate is the sulfate salt of agmatine, a naturally occurring signaling molecule made from the amino acid arginine. Research discussed here examines nervous-system signaling, mood, stress an
AHK-Cu is a copper-binding complex of the three-amino-acid peptide alanine-histidine-lysine. It belongs to a family of copper-binding peptides found in human plasma and biological fluids. The page rev
AICAR is a synthetic analogue of AMP, a molecule involved in cellular energy sensing. Inside cells it is converted to ZMP, which can activate the energy-sensing enzyme AMPK. Research discussed here ex
ALCAR is acetyl-L-carnitine, an acetylated derivative of the naturally occurring compound L-carnitine. It is studied for its roles in cellular energy metabolism and nervous-system function. The page r
Alpha-GPC is a water-soluble choline-containing compound found in human tissues and formed during membrane-phospholipid metabolism. Also called choline alfoscerate, it is studied as a source of cholin
Alpha-lipoic acid is a sulfur-containing compound made in small amounts by humans and other organisms. Also known as thioctic acid, it helps mitochondrial enzymes involved in energy production. Resear
Aniracetam is a synthetic, fat-soluble racetam studied for learning, memory and anxiety-related behavior. Also known as Ro 13-5057, it has been investigated for effects on AMPA-type glutamate receptor
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide based on a fragment of human growth hormone, with an added tyrosine residue. It was developed to investigate the hormone's fat-metabolism effects separately from its gr
ARA-290 is a synthetic peptide developed to investigate tissue-protective signaling associated with erythropoietin. Its design aims to separate tissue-protection research from stimulation of red blood
Armodafinil is the R-enantiomer of modafinil, meaning one specific three-dimensional form of the wakefulness-promoting molecule. It was developed to retain the longer-lasting activity of that form. Th
Ashwagandha research overview
ATX-304 is a small molecule designed to directly activate AMPK, an enzyme involved in cellular energy regulation. It is investigated as an exercise-mimetic and metabolic research compound. The page di
Bacopa Monnieri research overview
BAM15 is a small-molecule mitochondrial uncoupler investigated for energy expenditure and fat metabolism. It carries protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, changing how cells convert fuel in
Berberine research overview
BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide derived from a gastric protein and studied in preclinical tissue-repair research. Published work has examined gastrointestinal injury, tendon and ligament
Wolverine is a research blend of BPC-157 and TB-500, two peptides studied for complementary tissue-repair mechanisms: angiogenesis from BPC-157 and actin-driven cell migration from TB-500.
Phoenix is a research blend of BPC-157, TB-500 and KPV that adds the anti-inflammatory tripeptide KPV to the Wolverine tissue-repair pair, studied for gut, skin and soft-tissue pathways.
Bromantane is a synthetic adamantane derivative developed in the Soviet Union and also known as Ladasten. It has been investigated for dopamine-related activity alongside anxiety-related effects. The
Bronchogen is a short peptide bioregulator developed within Vladimir Khavinson's tissue-specific peptide program. It is studied in relation to the bronchi and other airway tissues. Research discussed
Cagrilintide is a long-acting synthetic analogue of amylin, a pancreatic hormone released alongside insulin after meals. Developed by Novo Nordisk, it is investigated in weight-management research. Th
Cardiogen is a short peptide bioregulator developed in Vladimir Khavinson's program for tissue-specific peptides. Its research focus is cardiac muscle, also called the myocardium. The entry discusses
Cartalax is a short peptide bioregulator developed within Vladimir Khavinson's tissue-specific research program. It is investigated in relation to cartilage, including articular and intervertebral dis
CDP-choline, also called citicoline, is a naturally occurring intermediate in the pathway that builds the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine. It provides components relevant to choline signalin
Centrophenoxine is a synthetic compound combining dimethylaminoethanol, or DMAE, with p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. Developed in France, it is also known as meclofenoxate or Lucidril. The page reviews r
Cerebrolysin is a preparation of small peptides and free amino acids derived from pig brain tissue by enzymatic breakdown. It is a mixture rather than a single defined peptide. Research discussed here
Chonluten is a synthetic short peptide bioregulator developed in Vladimir Khavinson's tissue-specific peptide program. It is associated with research on the bronchial and alveolar lining of the lungs.
CJC-1295 without DAC is a modified fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone, commonly called Modified GRF 1-29. It lacks the albumin-binding complex found in the DAC version and has a shorter dura
CJC-1295 with DAC research overview
CJC-1295/Ipamorelin pairs CJC-1295 without DAC (Mod GRF 1-29), a GHRH analog, with ipamorelin, a selective ghrelin-receptor agonist, studied for pulsatile growth-hormone release.
Coluracetam is an experimental synthetic racetam, also known by the development codes MKC-231 and BCI-540. It was developed during research on cognition and choline-related signaling. The entry review
Ubiquinol is the reduced form of coenzyme Q10, a naturally occurring molecule involved in mitochondrial energy production. It forms a reversible pair with the oxidized form, ubiquinone. Research discu
Cortagen is a synthetic short peptide bioregulator developed within Vladimir Khavinson's tissue-specific peptide program. Its research context is the cerebral cortex, including neurons and supporting
Cortexin research overview
DHEA is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced mainly in the adrenal cortex from cholesterol. It is a precursor that tissues can convert into androgens and estrogens, rather than another form
Dihexa is a synthetic peptide analogue derived from angiotensin IV and developed for research on brain signaling. Its proposed activity involves the hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met pathway. The ent
DSIP, or delta sleep-inducing peptide, is a nine-amino-acid peptide first isolated from the blood of rabbits during slow-wave sleep. Its research profile extends beyond the sleep-related name. The pag
Eleuthero is Eleutherococcus senticosus, a shrub traditionally used in Siberian, Russian and Chinese medicine. Although commonly called Siberian ginseng, it is botanically distinct from true Panax gin
Eloralintide is an investigational amylin-receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly under the code LY3841136. Its design favors the AMY1 receptor subtype compared with certain related receptors. The pag
Enclomiphene is the trans-isomer of clomiphene and a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator. It is studied for effects on the hormonal feedback controlling the body's own testosterone prod
Epitalon, also spelled Epithalon, is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide developed in Vladimir Khavinson's research program. It was based on Epithalamin, a preparation isolated from the pineal gland.
Fasoracetam is a synthetic experimental racetam developed in Japan under the research code NS-105. Its proposed activity involves neurotransmitter systems, including metabotropic glutamate signaling.
Fisetin is a plant-derived flavonol found in strawberries, apples, onions and other foods. It is investigated for cellular stress responses, inflammation and the biology of senescent cells. The page d
FLGR242 is an engineered follistatin-albumin fusion protein designed to block myostatin while sparing activin, studied preclinically for muscle growth. It has no human trials.
Follistatin 344 is a form of follistatin, a glycoprotein produced in the pituitary gland and other tissues. Follistatin binds signaling proteins including myostatin and activin A. The entry reviews pr
FOXO4-DRI is an experimental peptide designed to investigate selective removal of senescent cells. It uses D-amino acids arranged in a retro-inverso structure. The page reviews preliminary research on
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva and urine. Its name refers to the glycine-histidine-lysine peptide bound to copper. Research discussed here exam
GHRH is growth hormone-releasing hormone, a peptide produced in the hypothalamus that regulates pituitary growth hormone secretion. Its naturally pulsed signaling helps coordinate the growth hormone a
GHRP-2 is a synthetic six-amino-acid peptide that activates the ghrelin receptor and stimulates growth hormone release. It belongs to the growth hormone-releasing peptide family. The page reviews rese
GHRP-6 is a synthetic six-amino-acid peptide in the growth hormone-releasing peptide family. It activates the ghrelin receptor, linking growth hormone signaling with appetite-related pathways. Researc
GLOW is a research blend of GHK-Cu, BPC-157 and TB-500, three peptides studied for complementary skin, collagen and tissue-repair pathways.
Glutathione is a naturally produced three-amino-acid peptide and a major antioxidant inside human cells. Also abbreviated GSH, it is particularly concentrated in the liver. The page reviews research o
Gonadorelin is a synthetic ten-amino-acid peptide with the same sequence as natural gonadotropin-releasing hormone. It signals to the pituitary to release luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating
GW-501516 (Cardarine) research overview
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is a glycoprotein hormone that activates the LH receptor, studied in research on testosterone production, testicular function and fertility.
Hexarelin is a synthetic six-amino-acid peptide that stimulates growth hormone release through the ghrelin receptor. It is also investigated for activity involving CD36, a protein found in cardiac tis
HGH is human growth hormone, a 191-amino-acid protein naturally produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Somatropin is the recombinant form with the same structure as the human hormone. Research disc
HGH Fragment 176-191 is a laboratory-produced peptide corresponding to a short region of human growth hormone. It is investigated as a tool for studying fat-cell biology and energy metabolism separate
HMG, or human menopausal gonadotropin, is a pharmaceutical preparation with both follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone activity. Originally obtained from the urine of postmenopausal women, it i
Humanin research overview
Huperzine A is a naturally occurring alkaloid obtained primarily from the club moss Huperzia serrata. It inhibits acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
IGF-1 DES is a shortened form of insulin-like growth factor 1 with its first three amino acids removed. That structural change alters its interaction with IGF-binding proteins. The page reviews precli
IGF-1 LR3 is a synthetic analogue of insulin-like growth factor 1 with changes to its amino-acid structure. These modifications reduce binding to proteins that normally regulate circulating IGF-1. The
Ipamorelin is a synthetic five-amino-acid peptide investigated as a selective growth hormone secretagogue. It acts at the ghrelin receptor rather than supplying growth hormone directly. The page revie
Kisspeptin is a family of neuropeptides produced from the KISS1 gene and involved in regulation of the reproductive hormone axis. Its signaling helps control the pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormo
Klotho is a protein studied in aging biology, kidney function and mineral metabolism. The page distinguishes membrane-bound and circulating soluble forms, with alpha-Klotho as a central focus. Researc
KLOW is a research blend of GHK-Cu, TB-500, BPC-157 and KPV, usually combined in a 5:1:1:1 ratio. No study has tested this exact four-peptide combination.
KPV is a three-amino-acid fragment from the end of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, commonly abbreviated alpha-MSH. Its sequence is lysine-proline-valine. The entry reviews preliminary research o
L-carnitine is a naturally occurring compound made in the liver and kidneys from lysine and methionine. It helps transport long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. Research disc
LGD-4033 (Ligandrol) research overview
Lion's Mane is Hericium erinaceus, an edible fungus with a history of culinary and traditional use in East Asia. Its fruiting body and mycelium contain different compounds of research interest. The pa
Liraglutide (Victoza) research overview
Livagen research overview
LL-37 is a naturally occurring 37-amino-acid antimicrobial peptide in the human cathelicidin family. It is released from the precursor protein hCAP18 and produced by immune and epithelial cells. The e
Mazdutide is a dual agonist of GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, developed by Innovent Biologics under the code IBI362. The page examines its role in obesity and metabolic research. Topics include body we
Melanotan I, also called afamelanotide, is a synthetic linear analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. It interacts with the MC1 receptor on pigment-producing skin cells. The entry reviews re
Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic peptide analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Its ring-shaped structure and receptor profile distinguish it from the linear Melanotan I analogue. The pag
Melatonin research overview
Methylene blue is a synthetic phenothiazine dye with a long history in medicine and laboratory research. Its established medical context includes methemoglobinemia, a disorder affecting hemoglobin. Th
MGF (mechano growth factor, IGF-1Ec) is an IGF-1 splice variant produced in muscle after mechanical stress, studied for its role in activating satellite cells during muscle repair.
MK-677, also called ibutamoren, is a non-peptide small molecule that stimulates growth hormone release through the ghrelin receptor. It was developed by Merck and entered clinical research as a growth
MK-2866, also known as ostarine or enobosarm, is a synthetic nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator. It was investigated for preserving or increasing lean body mass where muscle loss is cl
Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting medicine developed in France during research on compounds related to adrafinil. Its approved medical context includes excessive sleepiness associated with narcolep
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA rather than the cell nucleus. It is studied as a signal connecting mitochondrial activity with nuclear gene regulation. The page revi
Myo-inositol is a naturally occurring form of inositol involved in cell membranes and intracellular signaling, rather than a peptide. It is studied in reproductive and metabolic research. The page rev
NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in cellular energy reactions and other metabolic processes. It acts both as an electron carrier and as a substrate for enzymes involved i
NMN is nicotinamide mononucleotide, a vitamin B3-related molecule involved in the body's production of NAD+. It is studied in metabolism, mitochondrial function and aging biology. The page distinguish
Omberacetam, also known as Noopept or GVS-111, is a synthetic nootropic dipeptide developed in Russia. It is structurally distinct from racetams and is converted to cycloprolylglycine. The entry revie
Nicotinamide riboside, or NR, is a vitamin B3-related molecule studied as a precursor to the coenzyme NAD+. It occurs in trace amounts in foods and is also produced commercially. The entry reviews NAD
NSI-189 is an investigational small molecule developed by Neuralstem for research on hippocampal function, depression and cognition. Its commonly studied form is the phosphate salt. The page reviews e
Orforglipron is the non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist in Foundayo, an FDA-approved oral prescription medicine. Developed by Eli Lilly, it is discussed here as a medicine reference rath
Ovagen research overview
Oxiracetam is a water-soluble racetam structurally related to piracetam and investigated in cognition research. It has been studied in experimental learning models and older or small clinical investig
Oxytocin research overview
P-21 (P021) is a synthetic peptide derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), studied in animal research on neurogenesis, memory and BDNF-related signaling.
Panax ginseng is a medicinal plant whose root has a long history in East Asian traditions. Also called Korean or Asian ginseng, it is distinct from Siberian ginseng. The page reviews research on fatig
Pancragen is a short peptide bioregulator developed within Vladimir Khavinson's tissue-specific peptide program. It is studied in relation to the pancreas, including hormone-producing islet cells and
PE-22-28 is a synthetic short peptide analogue of spadin, a peptide derived from the sortilin precursor protein. It was developed to investigate the TREK-1 potassium channel. The page reviews prelimin
PEG-MGF is a PEGylated form of mechano growth factor, modified to resist breakdown and circulate far longer than native MGF, studied in muscle-repair and atrophy research.
Phenibut is a synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter GABA, developed in the Soviet Union and also called beta-phenyl-GABA. Its added phenyl group changes its ability to enter the brain. The entry
Phenylpiracetam is a synthetic racetam derived from piracetam by adding a phenyl group. Developed in Russia, it is also known as Phenotropil or Carphedon. The page reviews preliminary cognitive resear
Pielotax is a short peptide bioregulator developed within Vladimir Khavinson's tissue-specific research program. Its stated focus is kidney tissue and changes associated with aging or injury. The page
Pinealon is a synthetic three-amino-acid peptide bioregulator developed within Vladimir Khavinson's research program. Despite its name, the page describes a broader brain-tissue focus rather than excl
Piracetam is a synthetic cyclic derivative of GABA and the founding member of the racetam family. Its structural relationship to GABA does not make it a conventional GABA-receptor agonist. The page re
PNC-27 is a synthetic chimeric peptide built from a p53 sequence that binds membrane HDM2 on cancer cells, studied in preclinical oncology models. It is not an approved treatment.
Pramiracetam is a synthetic, fat-soluble racetam derived from piracetam and also known by the code CI-879. It has been investigated as a cognition-oriented compound. The page reviews small, older huma
Pregnenolone is a naturally occurring steroid made from cholesterol and an early precursor in several hormone-production pathways. It is also investigated as a neurosteroid involved in nervous-system
Prostamax is a peptide bioregulator developed within Vladimir Khavinson's tissue-specific peptide program. The entry describes a focus on prostate tissue and proposed regulation of gene expression in
PT-141, also called bremelanotide, is a cyclic peptide melanocortin receptor agonist derived from Melanotan II. It is the active compound in Vyleesi, approved for a specified sexual-desire disorder in
Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonol found in foods such as onions, apples, berries and tea. It is a nutritional small molecule rather than a peptide or hormone. The page reviews research on oxidativ
RAD-140 (Testolone) research overview
Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, is a naturally derived macrolide originally isolated from soil collected on Rapa Nui. It inhibits the mTOR signaling pathway and has established immunosuppressive m
Resveratrol is a plant-produced polyphenol in the stilbene family, found in grapes, berries, peanuts and other sources. It is investigated in cellular stress, metabolic and vascular research. The page
Retatrutide is an investigational triple agonist of GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors, developed by Eli Lilly as LY3437943. Its receptor profile distinguishes it from dual GLP-1/GIP compounds. The pag
Rhodiola Rosea research overview
S4 (Andarine) research overview
S23 research overview
Selank is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide built from the immune peptide tuftsin with an added proline-glycine-proline sequence. It was developed at the Russian Academy of Sciences' Institute of M
Semaglutide research overview
Semax is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide derived from an ACTH fragment and containing a proline-glycine-proline sequence. It was developed at the Russian Academy of Sciences' Institute of Molecul
Sermorelin is a synthetic 29-amino-acid fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone, commonly abbreviated GHRH. It stimulates the body's growth hormone release rather than supplying growth hormone it
Shilajit is a mineral-rich resin associated with mountainous regions and a history of Ayurvedic use. Its composition includes variable mixtures of organic compounds and minerals. The page reviews rese
SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic small molecule that activates estrogen-related receptors, including the alpha, beta and gamma subtypes. These receptors help regulate mitochondrial activity and energy metabo
SNAP-8, also called acetyl octapeptide-3, is a synthetic eight-amino-acid peptide modeled on part of the SNAP-25 protein. That protein participates in the machinery governing neurotransmitter release.
Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine present in human tissues and many other organisms. It participates in cellular growth, stress responses and regulation of autophagy, the cell's recycling
SR9009 (Stenabolic) research overview
SS-31, also called elamipretide, is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide studied for activity in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It binds cardiolipin, a phospholipid important to mitochondrial struct
Sulbutiamine is a synthetic, fat-soluble derivative of thiamine, also known as vitamin B1. Developed in Japan, it combines two modified thiamine units linked by a disulfide bridge. The page reviews re
Sunifiram research overview
Survodutide is a dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma under the code BI 456906. It is investigated in obesity and liver-disease research. The p
TB-500 is a synthetic peptide based on the actin-binding region of thymosin beta-4, studied in preclinical research on wound healing, tissue repair and blood-vessel formation.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone with a modification intended to resist enzymatic breakdown. Also known as Egrifta, it has an approved medical indication involvi
Tesofensine is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, acting on dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. Originally developed in Parkinson's disease research, it later became a focus of weight-manageme
Testagen is a Khavinson tetrapeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp) targeting testicular tissue, studied mainly in Russian research on age-related Leydig and Sertoli cell function.
Thymalin is a mixture of naturally occurring peptides extracted from bovine thymus tissue. It differs from defined synthetic thymic peptides such as thymogen. The entry reviews immune-function and agi
Thymogen is a synthetic two-amino-acid peptide with the sequence glutamate-tryptophan, originally identified within the thymus extract thymalin. It was later synthesized as a defined molecule. The pag
Thymosin alpha-1 is a 28-amino-acid peptide first isolated from bovine thymus preparations. Its synthetic form is known as thymalfasin or Zadaxin. The page reviews immune-modulation and recovery resea
Thymulin is a nine-amino-acid peptide hormone produced by epithelial cells of the thymus gland. Its biological activity depends on binding zinc, distinguishing the active complex from the unbound pept
Tirzepatide is a dual agonist of GLP-1 and GIP receptors, developed by Eli Lilly. It is associated with the medicines Mounjaro and Zepbound for diabetes and obesity. The page reviews weight-management
Tongkat Ali is Eurycoma longifolia, a Southeast Asian plant whose root has a history of traditional use. Also called longjack or Malaysian ginseng, it is unrelated to true Panax ginseng. The page revi
Triptorelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist decapeptide studied in HPTA research: brief exposure stimulates LH and FSH release, while continuous exposure suppresses it.
TRT research overview
Vasopressin (ADH) research overview
Ventfort is a tissue-derived preparation of small peptides isolated from young calf aortic tissue within the Khavinson bioregulator program. It is a peptide mixture rather than a single defined sequen
Vesilute is a synthetic short peptide bioregulator developed within Vladimir Khavinson's tissue-specific program. Its stated research focus is the bladder and lower urinary tract. The page reviews pre
Vesugen is a synthetic three-amino-acid peptide bioregulator developed in Vladimir Khavinson's program for tissue-specific peptides. It is studied in relation to vascular endothelial cells, which line
Vilon research overview
VIP is vasoactive intestinal peptide, a naturally occurring 28-amino-acid signaling peptide found in the gut, lungs, nervous system and immune cells. Its research scope extends beyond its intestinal n
YK-11 research overview
The Peptide Bible is RUO Codes' directory of research peptides, bioregulators and related compounds. Entries provide mechanisms, published findings and safety references. Vendor listings appear where applicable; the Foundayo prescription reference contains no supply offers.
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